The aim of this paper is to present some contributions of evolutionary theory to the study of child-rearing, for which it took like central axis the theory of parental investment and its role in the care, protection and guidance of child development. To approach this issue, first will be presented the most characteristic aspects of the theory of evolution that are the bases to evolutionary psychology and with those attempts to explain the origins of the psychological mechanisms operating in different areas of psychic functioning. Later, the attention will be centered on parental investment theory and its relationship with parenting, standing out its close ties to sexual selection and inclusive fitness.